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The Ginseng Hunter, Jeff Talarigo, 2008

Old Ginseng Root

Austere tale of a third generation Korean living just across the border in China near Yanji. The grandfather was moved to China by the Japanese for labor. The father and uncle become Ginseng hunters and teach the son their secrets. The first part of the novel is a compact but detailed look at the art of hunter for wild Ginseng plants in the mountains. Once found, the Ginseng plant must be very carefully dug up without damaging the often crooked and complex root. The value of the plant depends on its age but any damage will leave the root worthless. It may require hours to dig a single root.

Written in the first person by the son, we are taken into an austere self sufficient life. The hunter lives alone and enjoys his solitude. He tried living with a woman once but it didn’t work out. He visits a brothel during his monthly trips to Yanji in the warm seasons to sell his ginseng and buy supplies.

During one one trip he meets a Korean prostitute and for the first time can’t get her out of his mind. They start meeting in parks during his visits and we learn her tragic story and the start of the novel’s preoccupation with the story of the Korean people under the incompetent rule of Kim Jong-il, son of North Korea’s founding dictator. We learn of the constant reeducation and intimidation as the country falls apart and the people starve. The Korean prostitute had a husband who worked in the mines and a daughter who attended school. The mine closed and her husband was detained and never returns. The daughter dropped out of school to help her mother scrounge for food. They spot the daughter’s former teacher scrounging for food and realize the school is closed. The daughter is killed by government authorities and the woman runs away to China where she is taken to the brothel by a trucker. She realizes she will be fed and sheltered so stays in the brothel.

As things deteriorate in Korea, more and more cross the shallow river to China looking for food, jobs, or trade. The Chinese government offers rewards to return illegal Koreans to the border and pressure businesses to get rid of their Korean workers. A young Korean girl visits the ginseng hunter’s garden to steal corn and the hunter decides to try to take care of her. He realizes he will need help to raise a young girl and goes to the brothel to try to buy the prostitute but she is no longer working there. He travels downriver looking for her as winter sets in. He realizes that the industrial plants built on the river on the Korean side are all shut down.

The hunter is loaned a hand gun by his neighbor to help protect himself from encroaching Koreans including armed and starving soldiers, who are starting to cross the river looking for food. He can’t bring himself to use the gun, but he does assist in turning over some Koreans to be returned to the border for which he receives money. For penance he buys all the seaweed from a Korean woman using his bounty money so she can take the money back home.

Bridge to North Korea

The author spent considerable time in Yanji and the surrounding region learning about ginseng hunting and hearing the takes of terrible happenings in North Korea. He assembles some of these stories into a compact, compelling, story. It is not a story of hope but a testimony to the strength and endurance of people under harsh and trying circumstances.

The Pearl Diver, Jeff Talarigo, 2004

Aerial View of Nagashima Leprosarium

The author’s first novel follows the life of a Japanese pearl diver who contracts Hansen’s disease (Leprosy) as a young woman in 1948. As was the practice then, she was sent to an isolated Leper’s colony on a small island at Nagashima. The first drugs that stabilize the disease have just been discovered and she is able to live a full life without the disfigurement of the disease. This being Japan, the disease comes with a shame and stigma that attaches to her whole family and prevents her older sister from marrying. The family abandons her. We follow conditions and treatment in the colony where the patients are treated more as prisoners than as sufferers of a horrible disease. As time passes more drugs are discovered and doctors learn to differentiate contagious from non contagious carriers. It eventually becomes possible for individual patients to reintegrate into society if they wish, but as with prisoners, it takes our heroin some years and several experiments before she tries to return - but never to her home island. Will she remain in society or return to the colony to live out her life? Very readable and a reminder of what it was like to contract an ancient disease that is all but eradicated in much of the world today.

Nagashima Paper Money

A Richer Dust, Amy Boaz, 2008

Taos Pueblo 1936

A novel of the international artist’s colony which arose in Taos New Mexico in the 1920s. The author acknowledges drawing freely from the lives and works of Leon Trotsky, G.I. Gurdjieff (Armenian mystic and spiritual teacher), Vera Brittain (British writer and pacifist). William Bradford (19th Century Romantic landscape painter), D.H. and Frieda Lawrence, Dorothy Brett (Aristocratic Brit, Abstract Painter, a member of the Bloomsbury group, and Taos colony member), and Mabel Dodge Luhan (wealthy founding matron of the Taos colony).

Mabel Dodge Luhan

The main character Doll, is the aristocratic daughter of a Viscount regular at the courts of Victoria and Edward, who disappoints her family to become a spinster painter in London. She is hard of hearing and carries an ear trumpet. Her trust fund assures she will never have to worry about money. She meets famous writer, philosopher Abe and his German wife Vera after WWI and Abe convinces Doll to move with them to the newly established artist’s community in Taos New Mexico. Doll pays for the move and supports the couple in Taos.

D.H. Lawrence Cabin

Jane is the wealthy patron who lives with her Indian husband in a a two story great house in Taos. It is she who publicizes Taos with its native American artisans as a new haven for intellectuals and artists. Jane promotes exchange between the artists and native artisans. Abe thinks the dry dessert air of New Mexico will help cure his (probable) TB. He doesn’t reckon with the primitive drafty cabins they will inhabit. Vera stirs things up with the Indians by teaching feminist ideas to the women of the area and the women all start a sex strike for societal change.

The novel moves between the late Victorian and WWI war and revolutionary years in England where intellectuals are giving up on the dying old world of Europe, 1924 in London when the move to Taos originates, to Taos in 1924 and shortly thereafter, and then jumps forward to 1963 when we see Doll, the only remaining artist from the original group still living in Taos, falling in love for the first time (with a much younger childlike man).

D.H. Lawrence Tomb

Common Wealth, Economics for a Crowded Planet, Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2008

End of Poverty Jeffrey Sachs

We last met Jeffrey Sachs in Shock Doctrine and the PBS series Commanding Heights where he gained notoriety for advising nations throughout Latin America, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union in the largest transfers of wealth to private and often foreign hands in human history. From these introductions, we would naturally associate Sachs with the Chicago School and neo-liberal movements. So it is refreshing to see Sachs here as Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University (alma-mater of Kissinger and Greenspan) advocating massive and coordinated government programs to tackle the monumental problems of global warming, environmental damage and species extinction, population control education food supply health care, poverty, clean fresh water supply, sustainable energy supply.

He is very aware of the wrong footed long term foreign policy of the United States, referencing Legacy of Ashes and adopting the term Blowback from Chalmers Johnson. He references Jared Diamond and like Diamond, Sachs is an optimist, and like Diamond, the litany of massive problems addressed is enough to depress anyone. Where does all this optimism come from?

Sachs is very smart, becoming the youngest Professor in Harvard history but the surprise in this book is how well and clearly he organizes and writes. He makes an excellent case that big changes can be made with modest (relative to the U.S. defense budget) investment, using existing technologies and proven techniques of implementation. Imagine what would happen if serious investments were made in new technologies.

Some examples and highlights. Two human activities that provide little income to the participants but have a devastating impact on the environment are deforestation and fishing (particularly bottom net fishing). If those involved were paid modest sums not to cut trees or fish, the improvements in the environment would have economic value in huge multiples of the amount spent.

Preindustrial CO2 levels in the atmosphere were 280 ppm and are 380 ppm today. The international community have set a goal of stabilizing CO2 at no higher than 560 ppm. Two changes alone; sequestering CO2 emissions from power and industrial plants, and converting the world’s auto fleet to hybrid-plug-in technology would stabilize CO2 at 488 ppm by 2050.

In addition to extensive water world wide pollution, global climate change is having a dramatic impact on water through melting glaciers and ice caps and changing rain patterns. Ground water is being rapidly depleted and water problems will lead to conflicts since water requirements of many nations originate in other nations, for example, Bangladesh which gets most of its water from India.

We know how to control population growth with governmental educational and health support systems. Education, health, and ending poverty will bring population stability to all countries of the world. Poverty and population growth lead to conflicts, wars, and genocide. Spending money to end poverty, improve health and education will improve national security for the U.S. that defense expenditures cannot. Defense moneys need to be diverted to these positive activities. Sachs highlights the relationships between large percentages of young men in poor countries with high unemployment and food shortages and violence. He specifically points to Afghanistan and Darfur as places with exceptionally high percentages of young men where military solutions are impossible without addressing the fundamental problem of poverty.

He doesn’t address one troubling trend, in China, where the cultural preference for boy babies is leading to an entire generation where boys vastly outnumber girls. I guess he hopes that China’s continued economic growth will somehow absorb this problem without leading to unusual violence.

Sachs explicitly rejects the Invisible Hand of Chicago School fantasy. On the contrary, Sachs delineates the six kind of essential governmental intervention:

The first is help for the destitute …so that the poor can stay alive, meet basic needs, and step onto the ladder of development… The second is the public provision of key infrastructure (roads, ports, and airports, power, telecommunications, and broadband connectivity, all of which are required by the private sector in order to flourish) as well as other public goods such as infectious disease control and environmental management… The third is the provision of a sound business environment, including monetary stability, protection of property rights, contract enforcement, and openness to international trade. The fourth is the provision of social insurance, to ensure that all parts of the population can maintain their economic security and well-being in the face of inevitable economic dislocations. The fifth is the promotion and dissemination of modern science and technology…. The sixth is proper stewardship of the natural environment.

Millennium Project

Sachs was director of the UN Millennium Project under Kofi Annan. In this program, 78 villages across Africa were selected to demonstrate that coordinated efforts in education, health care, agriculture, and infrastructure can lift villages out of poverty and into sustainable economic growth. Each village of approximately 5,000 population were allocated aid totaling $120 per person of which external donors provided $60, the host government provided $30, $10 in kind (labor) from villagers, and $20 from other partners such as NGOs. The success of these carefully coordinated and monitored programs show how effective and inexpensive it is to attack the problems of poverty. Sachs appeals to the US to divert even a small portion of its defense budget, say, from nuclear arms development, into a global poverty program. Military solutions clearly don’t work to provide security, so why not solve the world wide poverty problem and see what the impact would be on security? Currently, the US spends 2 days of military budget per year equivalent on health and poverty programs. Sachs estimates the worldwide required worldwide annual budget to implement Millennium Projects everywhere at $245 Billion or 0.7 % of total developed world income. The U.S. currently spends more than twice this total amount on defense alone.

Electrical Consumption

Sachs attacks neo-liberal spread falsehoods that Western Europe, Japan, and the Asian Tigers were able to achieve their remarkable economic growth without foreign aid. Starting with the WWII Marshall Plan, all currently successful economies were put on the road to sustainability through massive foreign aid. And the money spent has been returned many fold through the resulting successes. It worked well in the past, the Millennium Projects has demonstrated that coordinated efforts will work in the poorest villages on earth, so why aren’t the developed nations rushing to offer assistance?

Sachs demonstrates that social welfare economies such as those in Scandinavia, have been even more successful economically, with higher standards of living, higher growth, and higher R&D investment than free-market economies like the United States. They accomplish all this and still are able to provide a social network of protection, universal health care, retirement security, excellent education, and high employment with the government acting as employer of last result hiring people to serve as care givers, child care providers, and other essential social tasks that are not provided under free-market economies. To the critics that point out that Scandinavia has a largely homogeneous population so people are caring for their own kind, Sachs reminds us that these same countries are also the largest providers of foreign poverty aid in the world. Their populations seem to have no trouble caring for people of very different cultures and ethnicity worldwide. In other words, the argument that social welfare somehow interferes with economic performance and growth is simply wrong.

Muhammad Yunis Receives Nobel Prize

Finally Sachs gives some modern philanthropists and NGOs their due. He points out that the Rockefeller Foundation was largely responsible for the Green Revolution that increased agricultural food production in India starting in the 1960s. He praises Muhammad Yunis for inventing micro finance and founding the Grameen Bank to give very small loans to women without a credit history so they can start small scale businesses. This community based lending has proven amazingly able to life people and communities out of poverty and into sustainable growth. The idea is not spreading throughout the world. He gives praise to the Gates Foundation and to the donations from Warren Buffet which allows the foundation to invest in the development of products for health care, telecommunications, and other areas needed by poor places where the free market would not be interested. He asks what if the 950 world billionaires pooled their $3.5 Trillion like Gates and Buffet? At 5% yield, that sum would produce $1.75 Billion annually, enough to make a huge dent in world poverty. Dream on. He even manages to find a good word for a few pharmaceutical companies, like Merck, that have been persuaded to stratify their markets so they can offer the newest drugs at cost to the poorest places on earth while maintaining their prices to the developed world. This has now evolved to the point where fragile but growing places like Brazil can be offered prices somewhere between cost and high developed prices. He uses this as evidence that even greedy corporate managers can be induced to do the right thing for the poor. The jury is still out on that one, but give Sachs credit for being the eternal optimist.

Melinda and Bill Gates
Buffet and the Gates

The Dancer and the Thief, Antonio Skarmeta, 2008

Santiago
Valparaiso

A tale of current day capitalist Chile. Two prisoners have just been released from prison under a general amnesty. One is a master safe cracker determined to go straight and other is a young farm boy, now 20, arrested for stealing his boss’s favorite horse. The young man meets a 17 year old school girl who is studying ballet and dreams of performing at the Municipal Theater of Santiago. All three are down on their luck but a dwarf in the prison has given the young man the plans for the perfect heist - stealing the money and jewels from a former torturer under Pinochet who is now Santiago’s biggest gangster, shaking down local businessmen.

Three unforgettable, sad, charming, hopeful characters.

The Age of Shiva, Manil Suri, 2007

Connaught Circle Delhi

The story of a wealthy secular family who escape Rawalpindi in newly partitioned Pakistan to move to Delhi and reestablish a publishing business. The father’s hero is Nehru and he supports the Congress party and is awarded government printing jobs to regain his former financial success. The mother is an illiterate daughter of a zimindar an upper class Urdu Hindu who secretly practices her religion that the father views as a bunch of superstitions. The family has three daughters that the father is determined to see get university educations and become modern independent women, free from Hindu religious restrictions. He gets far more than he bargained for.

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As a university student, the oldest daughter, Roopa acquires a poor boyfriend, a singer, Dev, who wants to move to Bombay to pursue a Bollywood singing career. The 17 year old second daughter, Meera and main character of the novel, secretly stalks the illicit couple even following them into movie theaters. When Roopa suddenly announces her engagement to the son of a successful family, Dev’s heart is broken and Meera pounces, catching Dev on the rebound. When Meera’s father can’t persuade his stubborn daughter to give Dev up, he gives a generous cash dowry so the couple will be able to escape Dev’s family and move to Bombay. Dev’s family grabs the money to use as a dowry for their own daughter and Meera is trapped in a tiny, poor Hindu extended family home without even the privacy of a bedroom. She becomes pregnant and the father offers to buy Meera and Dev a flat in Bombay with enough money to get started if Meera will get an illegal abortion and agree to go to university. The couple agrees and their saga begins. The youngest daughter, Sharmila is a mediocre student who largely escapes the exaggerated expectations of the father. She later discovers a love and aptitude for math and science, earns a PhD and becomes a professor.

Nehru Indira Gandhi

The novel takes place against the background of India’s birth. The main families are Urdu Hindus from Pakistan and have varying difficulty migrating to India after the partition. We learn of the death trains, the refugee camps without even tents, the suicides. We vaguely follow to career of Nehru, the shock of the Chinese invasion, the wars with Pakistan. After Nehru’s death, the father throws his loyalty and support to Nehru’s daughter Indira Gandhi, and we vaguely follow her notorious career and corrupt antics of her son Sangay. We discover the forced sterilization programs, the state of emergency when Indira seized power after the courts had ordered her to resign. Through the character of Dev’s brother, an organizer in the Hindu Rashtriya Manch a radical Hindu political movement emphasizing martial arts training, we follow the rise of Hindu political parties that eventually become dominant, replacing the corrupt Congress party.

In a humorous development, the illiterate, upper class mother, now 60 years old, suddenly joins in student demonstrations against the Congress party and Indira. She is quickly adopted as a mascot by the students. When she gets arrested, the police quietly call her husband to come get her, much to his embarrassment as a Congress party pillar.

Chowpatty Beach Bombay

The novel is a good superficial introduction to Indian political history, but is primarily a treatment of growing up and finding your way in a new, ever changing, ancient and modern country that is India. When Dev is run over by a taxi during a blackout in a war with Pakistan, Meera becomes the one thing you least want to be in traditional India, a widow with a young son. She throws everything into her relationship with her son to the point of damaging him but, of course, he rebels, joining the radical Hindu organization of his uncle and then escapes that to a private boarding school paid for by his grandfather. Meera is forced, for the first time, to seriously consider building a career, maybe as a teacher to kids her son’s age.

Oil on the Brain, Lisa Margonelli, 2007
Margonelli takes a three year journey to try to understand the complex and critical resource oil. Her ventures take her places few journalist have been, probably as much due to her lack of obvious agenda as much as her persistence and persuasiveness. She did not set out to establish that oil reserves are vastly exaggerated, that exploration technologies are unlikely to uncover vast new reserves, that oil companies are in a vast conspiracy to drive up prices and realize record products. She honestly set out to learn as much about the oil industry as she could learn, wherever that might take her.

The result is a slow start at her local independent gas station on Twin Peaks San Francisco which stays in business largely due to impulse purchases from its mini mart. She rides a fuel delivery truck working out of an independent distribution point in San Jose which buys its product from different sources delivered to it via pipeline. She learns that gas is a uniform product that is differentiated with branded additives put in as the last moment. Even color is added to identify non taxed fuel to be used off road such as by farmers.

BP Carson

She visits BP’s refinery in Carson, near Long Beach, now surrounded by suburbia. She tries to understand why no new refineries have been built for 50 years despite existing refineries continuous full capacity operation. She gets a glimpse of the enormous scale and complexity and continuous evolution of the refinery process as ever more product is squeezed out of crude oil, and of the great variety of crude oil from sweet light to almost tar that must be reduced to a common set of products. She also experiences, first hand, the dangers of the refinery when a partial power failure occurs (an accident at a BP plant in Texas killed a number of workers). She discovers that any interruption of operation has an instant impact on prices, the most notable example being the shutdown in production caused by hurricane Katrina in the gulf states.

She meets one of the last Texas wildcatters who dies while the book is in process and discovers that the new natural gas explorers are accountants, extremely averse to risk and who use MBAs to squeeze productivity by reduced job security, minimum benefits, and reduced wages and salaries just like all other modern American corporate enterprises.

SPR

She talks her way into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) that she likens to Fort Knox in the days of America’s gold standard, an object of endless fascination, imagination, and speculation. She idly wonders why a movie like Goldfinger doesn’t exist for the SPR. The reality is that any Presidential move to add or take away oil from the SPR has an immediate and exaggerated impact on the NYMEX spot market price. But the SPR actually represents a very small cushion of a few months supply at most and if called on in a real emergency cannot deliver oil to the markets very fast due to the limits of its pipelines. In reality, the refineries use the SPR as a hedge so they can limit their crude oil inventories. They regularly “borrow” oil from the SPR if their own inventory is exhausted and “pay back” oil when they can afford to out of inventories. In other words, the SPR is a publically funded store to be used by the refineries as they see fit.

She visits NYMEX and talks to industry experts about pricing. OPEC began in the 1970s as a cartel of oil producing nations who would set quotas of production in an attempt to control supply and hence keep oil prices high. It never worked very well and individual members would cheat whenever it suited their own short term needs The main impact of OPEC seems to have been to greatly exaggerate oil reserves so the member states would have a high basis for their quota. These non existent reserves are the subject of Oil Twilight which doubts the middle east has the vast reserves most analysts assume. Now, with non OPEC states such as Russia becoming an increasing portion of world supply and with the emergence of NYMEX as a worldwide price setter, OPEC no longer has much control over prices, if they ever did. Instead, today, the worldwide increases in demand for oil, led by China and India, combined with the inability of oil producing states to dramatically increase production, has led to a permanently tight market for oil and ever increasing prices. NYMEX is a very sensitive gauge of world oil affairs, overreacting to every little outbreak of violence or instability in an oil producing state whether in Africa (Nigeria), Venezuela, or the middle east. The New York analysts she interviewed believe this is a permanent state and that prices will no longer fall like they once did. Only a dramatic lowering of demand could ever cause prices to fall such as the increased mileage of American cars for a few years after Carter’s oil crisis in 1979. As to the record oil company profits, she points out that Congress investigates the industry for collusion and gouging every time prices go up but never find evidence of wrong doing. Making a profit, after all, is capitalisms highest goal and achievement. She doesn’t take this discussion very far and never really gets into the subject of record profits.

As an aside, I have never understood why a resource so critical to the economy as a whole is not treated in this country as a regulated utility that provides total transparency and requires regulatory approval in order to raise prices. Whatever happens behind the closed doors, the record profits are there for all to see and the main benefactors seem to be the oil executives. There is virtually no evidence beyond superficial (and cheap) PR exercises that the oil companies are putting these record profits to a use that might actually benefit the world as a whole. They certainly have a negative impact on every other aspect of the economy. Both Nixon and Carter attempted price controls of gas at the pump but each time, the oil companies retaliated by limiting supply, creating long lines and furious public backlash against the Presidents, not against the oil companies. There is some evidence that huge pension-funds backed speculators are currently manipulating the oil futures market to drive the price of crude oil ever higher. Some predict that a bubble is forming that when it bursts could devastate several pension funds. If true, these oil gamblers are devastating economies around the world in search of selfish short term profits, and recklessly risking the critical retirement funds of its members. Are we looking at Enron redo?

She then travels to oil producing regions of the world starting with Venezuela which is an old timer, having started production in the 1920s. She notes that the Dutch disease, coined by the Dutch in the 1960s to describe the loss of manufacturing and exports to any nation with major natural resource exports has been known to Venezuela for a long time. This is also known as oil’s curse. She highlights another critical factor in all oil producing states, the changing relationship between the government and its citizens as oil revenue replaces taxes as the major source of government funding. Whether the government is “democratic”, a monarchy, or a military dictatorship, the presence of oil comes to dominate the relationship between the rulers and the ruled. This dominance is obvious and central to both. The state is relieved on needing to set and collect taxes from the public as the public is freed from paying those taxes. The public comes to expect some benefit from the oil revenues and the government usually complies by supplying very cheap gas for cars (19 cents a gallon in Venezuela). Beyond cheap gas, services for the public seems to break down, probably because the human infrastructure needed to effectively deliver such services never develops. Oil producing state governments are all corrupt. The only competent sector of the economy is the oil producing sector with its trained engineers, managers, and accountants. Chavez is testing the bounds of this competency by firing 25,000 oil personnel following the failed coup attempt in 2002. Can Venezuela sustain its productivity without the services of its trained oil oligarchy?

She next travels to Chad, a military dictatorship thinly disguised as a democratically elected government. Chad was very poor and very backward before Exxon and the World Bank invested $3.7 billion to develop an oil field and pipeline to the coast across Cameroon. The president/dictator claims to have signed the oil contract without reading it. While in Nigeria the state realizes 80% of oil revenues, Chad receives 28%. Knowing that the government was corrupt, Exxon and the World bank tried to create a third player, a “college” of educated citizens who would receive half the government oil revenue and could decide to spend it on schools, roads, hospitals, or any other public works. Once in place, the “college” was simply undermined by the president, who replaced the original members of the college with his cronies. Chad is now rated the most corrupt regime in the world. Chad’s citizens have gotten nothing from oil.

She visits Iran with rare to permission to visit some Persian Gulf oil platforms damaged or destroyed by the U.S. Navy during the Iraq-Iran war where the U.S. supplied arms to Iraq. She enumerates the long list of grievances Iran holds and remembers against the U.S. starting with the imposition of the “Shah”. This is a good reminder why Iranians don’t much like or trust the U.S. and why they are so intent on acquiring a nuclear weapon, after witnessing the invasion on non-nuclear Iraq while nuclear North Korea went untouched. She was struck by the geography of the Gulf and the number of disputes between the states over the British drawn borders (sound familiar? The British were still committing the same mistakes in the Partition of India). She was particularly struck by the narrow Strait of Hormuz through with 40% of the worlds oil passes. She points out that Iran can easily control this narrow strait military if they so desired. The U.S. navy’s constant presence in the gulf is probably an attempt to prevent such an occurrence.

Gulf Oil

She next and finally travels to oil producing Nigeria, where the delta has been the site of much pollution, violence, and suffering. The corrupt government of Nigeria is located elsewhere and normally buys off the rebel leaders when they cause too much havoc. Then things quiet down until a new charismatic rebel leader arises. She is struck by the education and articulateness of the unemployed Nigerians she meets, but for all their articulateness, they don’t make much sense and nothing ever seems to change. For their part, the oil companies wish the world would look to the Nigerian government rather than blame the oil companies for all the problems in the country. Regardless of who is to blame, Nigeria remains the source of much volatility in the price of oil.

Almost buried in the account of these travels, but confirmed, is the terrible role played by the IMF and World Bank explicated in some detail in The Shock Doctrine. The IMF particularly, insisted that governments cut back or eliminate social programs as a condition of their loans. Klein explains the Chicago School neocon rational for these requirements that would exacerbate the crisis and lead to privatization of state resources, hopefully into the hands of foreign owners. What we are seeing is a new form of capitalist imperialism, but the perpetrators have virtually no understanding of the enormous costs and consequences of their greedy and selfish actions.

Finally, Margonelli travels to China, the fastest growing new market for oil. She is astounded by the 100 year long term visions of Beijing’s leaders who continually talk of leapfrogging changes. They have enacted one of the strictest mileage requirements in the world and appear to be serious about alternate energy sources such as hydrogen fuel cells, hybrids, and all electrical vehicles. Unlike the west, China has very different requirements for performance of cars (acceleration, top speed, and driving range) so that golf cart like vehicles or even electric bicycles are very acceptable options. Unfortunately, an increasingly autonomous regional focus may undermine the advantages of long range central planning for pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation of alternate energy. For instance, gas guzzling large cars are banned in the big cities but Guangdong chooses to ignore the rule feeling that a successful entrepreneur should be free to show off his success however he wishes (sound familiar?).

Fall of Frost, Brian Hall, 2008

A work of biological fiction where the author, choosing a few incidents and events of a very long life (89 years), imagines what Frost might have been thinking and how events may have shaped his words. Done with love and humor, but without the cooperation of the Frost estate, this novel brings us to understand and care about Frost as his several biographers have failed to do. Written as a series of vignettes randomly organized from the 1890s to 1963, we slowly are introduced to Frost, his wife Elinor, a high school friend who jilted Rob at one time, and their long suffering children.

Frost at Derry

Early Elinor White

Frost Family

Frost bought several New England farms but was a lazy, untalented farmer and Elinor a very casual housekeeper and mother. Both were spacey in the extreme. Frost quips that New England farmers have been failing for three hundred years so he is in a good tradition. They lost one child at age 3 and another after 3 days. Elinor aborted their final pregnancy over fears for her health. Of their surviving children, Margorie died at age 29, crazy Irma was finally committed by Frost but lived to 78, and suicidal son Carol (Why did you give me a girl’s name?) finally shot himself at age 38 within hearing distance of his own 15 year old son. Tough daughter Leslie, after her divorce, jointed the United States Information Agency (USIA) where she spent a career telling everyone in sight that the agency was doing everything wrong.

Frosts at Plymouth

Frost with Kay and Theodore Morrison 1948

After the death of Elinor in 1940, Frost established a close relationship with a married woman that would last until Frost’s death. Frost claimed K was his lover but K never divorced and maintained the relationship was all in Frost’s mind, she was simply his secretary. At JFK’s inauguration, Frost was invited to read a poem. He was stumbling badly and couldn’t read his papers in the bright sun. LBJ tried to use his hat to shade the papers but Frost grabbed the hat and they wrestled for a bit. At the conclusion of the reading he misremembered the President’s name.

In 1962 Frost meets Soviet ambassador Anatoli Drobinin in whom he confides he is a great admirer of self made Khrushchev but is concerned with the tensions over Berlin and has some suggestions. Drobinin arranges a meeting with Khrushchev and 88 year old Frost flies off to Moscow (he hates flying). Frost becomes feverish and Khrushchev goes to Frost’s hotel. Frost tells Khrushchev he is the most powerful man in the world and that Frost really admired the moon shot and orbiting astronaut. Frost tells Khrushchev that the powerful should also be magnanimous and he should give East Berlin back to the West Germans as a sign of that magnanimity. Khrushchev doesn’t take the advise. When word drifts back to Washington JFK is furious. Frost returns home at the height of the Cuban missile crisis. He imagines the nuclear destruction of all mankind and it inspires new poems.

Frost spent year after year, at the end, giving farewell tours. These tours were so popular, that after his death a show with two actors playing the young and old white haired Frost was mounted to continue the farewell tradition. Ever the showman, Frost died on Ground Hog’s day 1963. Daughter Leslie and K secretly interred Frost’s ashes in an unmarked grave in the family plot. Leslie will lord it over Frost’s estate the rest of her life. Few of Frost’s letters show up after he dies, having been destroyed or lost by most of his children and K. Hall suggests, wickedly, that Irma probably ate hers.

Frost universally hated all critics and professors who “interpret” his work for their students. The only one he trusted as a critic was Elinor. He never liked the poetry of Tom (T.S.) Eliot and hated his army of thousands of (Wasteland) interpretive Professors. He was somewhat fonder of Ezra Pound and even assisted in getting Pound released from his asylum.

Hall himself is no slouch when it comes to words. Example of imagined thoughts of Frost:

Freud was a frustrated Novelist. His system is a form of Swedenborgianism, taking good metaphors and petrifying them into dogma.

Self reflections of Frost on his fame:

He’s been given jobs without duties, students without classes. Money has come mysteriously, from a secret fund, an anonymous admirer, a colluding collector. When he has hinted after prizes, committees have gone down on one knee to hand them to him. He, who played sick from school most of his childhood and never finished college, has been awarded so many honorary degrees he had the hoods sewn into a quilt, and at night he sleeps under it like a Celtic Pendragon warmed by the skins of his enemies. Each time he has hinted, connived, covered his tracks, hinted again, he’s got what he wanted, and each time he has felt guilty, and vindicated, and mean, and undeserving, and long overdue.

Frost proves a talented teacher, but a late bloomer in fame with his poetry. When recognition starts to come:

They want to press him while he’s impressive, screw him down in the frame. Principal of some stone institution, state commissioner for pickling souls. They’ll kill him with the best intentions. Run!

On longevity:

..Cannily wicked Dylan Thomas has succeeded in drinking himself to death…His soul and his stock rise, hand in hand. Frost’s own vanity, fiercely held is this, he will survive. The steeple is not for directing eyes heavenward, it’s for climbing, and Frost will remain at the top–partly by kicking, when he has to, other climbers in the face, but mainly, (so simple!), by not leaping off.

On his poem November:

What makes New England rich is its decay, its compost. Waste turned under. The waste of laziness! Which his grandfather deplored. But Rob’s laziness rotted and sprouted his poems. The practical crowd want to ignore the waste leisure and of pleasure, and the pacifist crowd want to ignore the greater waste of human hate, which maybe can be as lordly and creative as hate.

T.S. Eliot Ezra Pound
On a conversation with the Younger Poet after his death:

This is hell. If you want change, go to purgatory. Tom and Ezra are there, vomiting up their undigested Latin. They’ll be ready for heaven in about a thousand years…I was great wasn’t I? It takes a moment for the Younger Poet to recognize this as a question. “Yes.” You hesitated.

Ellington Boulevard, Adam Langer, 2008

Apartment at 523 Ellington Blvd

A cute tale of life in contemporary New York, particularly in Manhattan Valley, the upper West side between Central Park and Riverside Park at 106 St (now Ellington Boulevard). Deals with the lives of several interrelated people and one dog, named Herbie Mann. Herbie lives with Ike a black jazz clarinetist in an apartment building that he help rehabilitate in the eighties. For his help the landlord lets him stay in a nice apartment in the building for $350 a month for as long as he wants. No written agreement was ever drawn up.

Ike owns a priceless B-flat 19th Century Mueller clarinet. Ike has split from his funk band and is just returning from Chicago where he cared for his now deceased mother in her last months. He hasn’t played or written music for several years. The landlord dies and his lazy son, figuring the market is nearing its peak, starts selling all of daddy’s real estate including Ike’s apartment. Without a written agreement, Ike can’t do much.

George Washington Bridge from Riverside Park

Enter the other characters, the buyer, whose father’s success as a jingle writer allows him to help his daughter buy the apartment for $650,000, and who has dropped out of graduate school to start her first job as assistant editor as a once prestigious journal, now in sad decline; her husband, for six years a PhD student and teaching assistant at Columbia who can’t get motivated to finish his boring dissertation; the turn around artist hired to save the journal who sets about firing everyone she can find but likes the buyer and promotes her to full editor; the investigative reporter who has been researching the fraudulent methods including phony subscriptions the turn around artist uses to “save” publications only to have them fail totally once she has moved on; the real estate broker who is a failed actor but successful real estate man; the Korean mortgage broker, a girl living in Fort Lee whose parent’s corner fruit stand is going bankrupt and who prays for continuing bad employment numbers so interest rates will stay low; the owner of a run down theater on the upper west side that is losing money and may need to be sold; the heiress who wrote and anonymously published a child’s fantasy novel as a young girl and who is currently studying writing at Columbia. The husband will fall in love with her and the wife will seek revenge by outing her as the author of the fantasy and then trashing it in a review.

Chapters are dedicated to advancing the story from the point of view of each character. Most interesting were the chapters from the point of view of the dog, Herbie, who Ike rescues from the dog pound when he hears Herbie’s perfect A-flat howl. Herbie has been dumped into the pound by one of the other characters in the novel and Herbie has a long memory.

Herbie does not fully sense the passage of time - to him, it seems to be almost all one moment of running and standing still, of swimming and dreaming, of happiness and despair. He is a puppy and he is growing old. Ike is here and he is not. Part of Herbie is still swimming toward Canada, part of him never escaped the shelter, part of him is still in Chicago, part of him is digging in front of a house in Croix-de-Mer, part of him has only just been born. He smells the present and the past - he smells the meadow and his mother’s breath, smells Chloe Linton’s perfume and Ike’s shirt, smells Lake Michigan, the grass in Central Park, and the steps at Stranger’s Gate the once led down to West 106th Street and now lead to Duke Ellington Boulevard.

St. Croix Island

Path Between the Seas, The Creation of the Panama Canal, David McCullough, 1977

French Excavator

Epic tale of the efforts of the French and Americans to create the long desired passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. President Grant sent survey teams to find the best route in 1870 but nothing further was done by the U.S. to attempt to build a canal. Instead, the French, following their engineering and financial success at Suez, raised private money under the leadership of Ferdinand de Lessep, hero of Suez, who insisted a sea level canal be built in Panama. The French effort was under-funded and plagued with problems, not least of which was disease. Further efforts to raise money failed and the company was thrown into bankruptcy. Scandals at the highest level were uncovered with newspaper payoffs and political bribes but only Charles Lessep, son of Ferdinand, and one other minor player were ever sent to jail. The effort ended in 1889.

Teddy Roosevelt became President in 1902 and immediately set out to build the canal. He left it to Congress to decide the best route, although Nicaragua was assumed to be favored. Enter Philip Bunau Varilla, a French engineer of the earlier French effort and influence peddler William Cromwell who set out to convince Congress that Panama was the better route and that the U.S. should buy the French assets including rail and digging excavators at $109 Million. When it appeared they would lose, the French lowered the price to $40 Million and TR became interested, thinking this purchase would speed the completion of a canal. Two volcanic eruptions, one on Martinique and one in Nicaragua convinced Congress to vote for Panama.

Secretary of State John Hay (former private secretary to Lincoln (star with Henry Adams of Gore Vidal’s Empire ) immediately negotiated a new canal treaty with Columbia but after months of delay, the Colombian Legislature rejected the treaty in spite of the offered $10 Million immediate payment. Bunau Varilla, with Hay and TR working behind the scenes engineered a coupe in Panama with American naval support (gun boat diplomacy) so that Columbia could not land troops to regain control. TR asked his Attorney General to construct a legal defense for his actions, but Attorney General Knox replied:

Oh, Mr. President, do not let so great an achievement suffer from any taint of legality.

When TR trying out a defense during a cabinet meeting demanded “Have I defended myself?” Elihu Root responded:

You certainly have, Mr. President. You have shown that you were accused of seduction, and you have conclusively proved that you were guilty of rape.

TR at the Controls

Bunau Varilla was named special envoy to negotiate a canal treaty and Bunau Varilla wrote a draft totally favorable to the U.S. Hay recognized Panama as an independent country, signed the canal treaty and Congress ratified the treaty immediately. Panama hesitated to sign until Hay threatened to pull the navy back. The $10 Million went to JP Morgan to hold for Panama who invested most of it in New York real estate. The French got their $40 Million. McCollough reminds us that American Imperialism was largely the result of purchases (Louisiana, Alaska, Philippines) and was never considered to be imperialist as a consequence.

Heroes of Panama were William Gorgas who understood the role of mosquitoes as carriers of Yellow Fever and Malaria and who headed the health and sanitation efforts that came close to eradication these two killers. He had previously done the same in Cuba. John Stevens had built the Great Northern railway, discovering the Marias pass and the Stevens pass, giving the Great Northern the lowest elevation trans continental route. Stevens immediately saw that the keys to Panama were eradication of disease and building railroads capable of hauling the excavation debris away from the cuts. He spent a couple years building housing, hospitals, harbors, and railroads before any major excavation could start. He resigned at this point.

Colonel George Goethels of West Point was then appointed as the virtual dictator of Panama. TR knew that the military man would complete his mission and not resign.

Digging the Culebra Cut

The choice between a sea level and lock and lake canal was not made until 1907. The canal was designed then to accommodate the Titanic, the largest ship of the time. The locks were 1000 feet by 102 feet. The size of the canal was to dictate the maximum size of ships for decades including aircraft carriers of the navy. Only the Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth were too large for the canal. Modern oil tankers are far too large. The lock and lake design meant damming two rivers on the Atlantic and Pacific sides.

The dams had the side effect that electric power could be made available for everything in the canal zone and in the entire country. The canal pioneered electrical trains, locks, and much else. The Culebra Cut, a nine mile stretch at the highest elevation, was the biggest challenge given the massiveness of the cut and the continuous land slides. Even after the canal opened, slides would close the canal for months at a time.

The canal became a major tourist attraction while it was being built with hundreds of thousands of visitors. The canal opened simultaneously with the outbreak of WWI in 1914 and ceremonies were canceled. The first crossing was by one of canal’s own freight ships and was hardly noticed.

Club House

The physical and social structure of the canal zone comes in for detailed scrutiny with some suggesting the canal was actually a socialist system. It is probably more correct to look at the canal zone as a very large military base before the days of outsourcing with its rigid hierarchical structure and completely self contained infrastructure, even though most residents and workers were civilian and not military. In any event the canal zone was a model of efficiency virtually without corruption, nepotism, or fraud, a remarkable achievement. In this way, the canal zone stands as a shining beacon of American know how in sharp contrast to today’s Baghdad Green Zone where waste, nepotism, cronyism, fraud, and incompetence are the only way of life.

The Bin Ladens, Steve Coll. 2008

This book seems to be almost a companion volume to the author’s previous Ghost Wars. That book was the account of the struggle over Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, United States, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia without any consideration to the possible interests of Afghanis. Now we have a partial history of the Yemeni Bin Laden family whose patriarch Mohamed Bin Laden learned his way into construction at the same time that Abdulaziz Ibn Saud was consolidating his control and unifying what would become the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Bin Laden family kept relationships with the royal house of Saud by being useful to them. Mohamed established relationships with Addulaziz and his two sons and successors King Saud and King Faisal.

Salem Bin Laden 1975

When Faisal and Saud asked Mohamed to mediate a dispute between them, Mohamed fained illness, explaining to his associates that the brothers Saud and Faisal would never hurt one another but anyone getting in the middle might well die. The Bin Ladens understood their place in order of things in a genealogically determined society. Mohamed’s sons and successors Salem and Bakr stayed close to king Fahd and were described by Coll as Concierges to the royal family. This is a polite way to put their role. Royal procurer is more apt. Still, the roles have paid off giving the Bin Ladens a steady stream of increasingly large construction contracts and they are among the wealthiest non royal families in Saudi Arabia.

This book gives a useful look at the tight family relationships of Arabs and the dictates of Islam as to multiple marriages (4 wives allowed - divorce is easy) inheritance (all sons get a share with daughters receiving a half share). For the Bedouin living on the edge of existence these rules allowed strong patriarchs to survive. In oil rich Saudi Arabia, it leads to an explosion of descendants (Mohamed had more than 50) and a population explosion.

The book is largely devoted to Mohamed’s oldest son Salem who became head of the Bin Laden family in 1967 when Mohamed died in a plane crash. Salem was educated in and comfortable with the west, a lover of aviation and of western women, and a popular party giver to the royal family. Extremely audacious, Salem is seen by the royal family as a kind of lovable, loyal court jester. In one instance, Salem bets King Fahd that he can propose to and marry his four western girl friends in one big get together in London. Salem loses the bet but later marries his British girl friend. He also dies in a plane crash in 1988. After Salem’s death, his British widow married a half brother of Salem to remain part of the Bin Laden family.

Mosque at Mecca and Prophet’s Mosque at Medina

The Bin Ladens, both Mohamed and his sons, got contracts for restoration work on the holy shrines in Mecca, Medina, and the Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem. From the beginning, revenue from the Hajj, the pilgrimage to the holy sites which is the lifelong dream of every Muslim, provided a significant source of revenue to the Kingdom. As the number of pilgrims exploded to more than 2 million annually, facilities had to be greatly enlarged and expanded. The Bin Ladens even installed the worlds largest York air conditioning in the mosques for the comfort of the pilgrims. Because infidels are not allowed near the holy sites, the machinery was located several miles away so maintenance workers could access the equipment. Of the Hajj Coll writes:

The pilgrims all arrived at the same time of year and all went to the same places, Medina and Mecca, and more or less simultaneously. They arrived, too, in a heightened state of spiritual awareness, if not longing or near-rapture. On this heavily preconceived yet richly emotional journey, millions of Muslims discovered and judged modern Saudi Arabia. It was a process about as reliable as the one by which Saudis discovered America through vacations in Disney World and west Los Angeles. But it was no less true of powerful, in either case, for being incomplete.
Well-educated, globally conscious Hajj pilgrims from poorer Muslim countries such as Egypt or India sometimes resented Saudi Arabia for two reasons; its garish, wasteful nouveau wealth, and its intolerant religious orthodoxy.

So where is Osama in this tale? It seems not much is known - knowable about him. Most of the information we have which finds its origins in American “Intelligence” is wrong. Osama is a younger son of Mohamed and a poor 15 year old Syrian girl Mohamed married probably to land a construction contract. He divorced her again within 3 years. Unlike his educated (both in Europe and America and the best schools in the middle east) brothers, Osama is a mediocre student with a Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) high school education. While in high school, he is targeted by the Muslim Brotherhood, probably because he is a member of the wealthy Bin Laden family. He never studies engineering but becomes a radicalized Muslim. When the brothers try to involve him in construction contracts in the holy cities, Osama proves to be a bad manager, and while quiet and polite, when he does talk, he seems to create friction and problems with his extreme religious views.

The family sends him off to Peshawar Pakistan to funnel charity donations to the Afghan cause during the Soviet occupation. Salem often acts as currier carrying bags of money for Osama to distribute. Osama wants to join the action and asks Salem for arms. Salem looks but is unclear what he finds for Osama. In Osama’s only significant military engagement on the Afghan border, 100 of his fighters are killed. While a military disaster, Osama films the whole thing and turns the result into a propaganda film with himself as star.

After the Soviet withdrawal, Osama returns to Saudi Arabia offending everyone in sight. He suggests to the royal family that they should allow Osama to raise an army to chase Sadam Hussain out of Kuwait rather than allow infidel Americans onto Saudi soil. The royal family tells the Bin Laden family to shut Osama up but they cannot so the Sauds pulled Osama’s passport and deport him. He chooses Sudan, one of the few countries willing to accept him. Bakr, now head of the Bin Laden family, sorts out inheritance issues in the family and Osama chooses $15 million in cash and small continued holdings in Bin Laden businesses.

Osama invests and loses most of this money in bad business deals in Sudan. Osama takes credit for blowing up two American embassies in Africa and the US pressures Sudan to exile Osama yet again. They do, and Osama returns to Afghanistan where he promises $10-20 million annually to the Taliban to give him asylum. It is unclear if he ever gave the Taliban financial support but he did build Mullah Omar a new family compound.

The idea for the plane bombing in the US probably originated with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed uncle of Ramzi Yousef, the man who bombed the World Trade Center in 1993. Osama revised the plan to scale it back from 10 planes and to cast himself as the star.

Strangely, there is no mention of Osama’s health issues in this book. After 9/11, the American public was media fed the image of this tall guy running from cave to cave with a dialysis machine strapped to his back. Could Coll find no verifiable evidence of a health problem or did he simply think it wasn’t worth mentioning? Is this more evidence of invented intelligence like Osama’s wealth? Coll should have said something.

Both Mohamed and Salem Bin Laden died in plane crashes. Osama is unlikely to follow suit. American intelligence, after greatly exaggerating Osama’s Wealth ($300 million reported in the press up to $500 million) now set out to find the new sources of his money. This is a bit silly since the African embassy bombings are estimated to have cost only $10,000 and the 9/11 airline bombing to have cost only $100,000. Rich Saudis including Kings are known to drop several millions in a single night of gambling. The focus of this effort fell, of course, on the rest of the Bin Laden family. No connections or money flows have been discovered. The Bin Ladens continue to thrive in the construction business, being awarded a $1.6 billion contract for prisons in 2006. Osama has apparently not damaged the family reputation with the house of Saud.

This book, like Ghost Wars was hastily edited and is full of nonsense sentences and misspellings. Still, it gives a glimpse of Saudi Arabia, the house of Saud, and the role of the Bin Laden family within the kingdom. It is disappointing when it comes to Osama. Beyond debunking some of the false information about Osama, it sheds little light on this enigmatic, fanatical figure. We don’t understand him any better now than before.